Textiles are materials that are composed of flexible strands, filaments or fibers. The fibers may be either natural or synthetic and are joined together using one of several techniques depending on whether the material is considered to be a woven or nonwoven textile. A woven textile is created by intertwining the individual strands using any number of processes the most common of which are weaving, knitting, knotting and crocheting. Textiles, which are more commonly known as fabrics and cloths, are used in a wide range of industries ranging from apparel to biomedical to aerospace.
Textile Testing Properties:
The purpose of testing the mechanical properties of textiles is to determine their ability to perform under the service conditions of their desired application and whether or not a different material is needed. These properties are dependent upon the material used to make the fibers as well as their physical geometry and the method used to join them together and generally fall into the following categories: tensile, flexural, friction and tear.
The tensile properties of textiles usually describe the amount of tensile force necessary to cause a fiber or the textile as whole to rupture and the elongation at the breaking point. Tensile properties accurately describe the expected behavior of a textile material as it encounters forces that cause it to stretch or expand.
Flexural properties determine the textile’s stiffness and bending strength. By definition a textile is designed to be flexible, but many have an adhesive or laminate coating applied to them which will increase the stiffness and alter the bending strength.
Friction properties indicate the textile’s ability to with stand abrasive forces that may wear upon the material and cause it to fray, come undone or otherwise decrease its integrity. The frictional force a textile may experience generally occurs when it is rubbed against a more rigid surface for an extended period of time.
Tear properties determine the behavior of the individual fibers of a textile when they are subjected to breaking forces that affect them separately from one another. Tear properties include the tear strength, tear resistance and puncture resistance and are directly affected by the method used to join the fibers together.
Common Textile Test Methods:
Textile testing may be performed upon a sample of the textile material or upon a single fiber used to create the textile. A single fiber is generally tested in tension to measure its breaking strength and elongation at the breaking point. These values are used to determine if the material used to make the fiber is strong enough for the application and the method of joining the fibers to one another to form the textile. A sample of the textile itself can be tested in any number of ways with the common methods being tension, bending, tear, puncture, friction, and abrasion. For both sample types the tests can differ in the method used to grip the material. The test specimen will either be gripped using a fixture designed for a grab test or a strip test. A grab test requires the sample to be gripped by placing its ends into the grips and applying a compressive force to hold them in place. The strip test fixtures require the ends of the sample to be coiled tightly around a bar in the fixture so that the loops compress themselves until they will not slip.
Textile Testing Specimens:
Textiles come in one of two forms: woven and nonwoven. The difference between the two is the method used to join the fibers together. For woven textiles the fibers are intertwined together in a pattern that allows the fibers to benefit and rely upon each other; however for nonwoven textiles the fibers are joined together with chemical, mechanical, or thermal forces that cause the strength of the material to be dependent upon the strength of the method used.
The fibers of both materials have a range of materials that they can be made from. These materials are either natural or synthetic. The natural fibers are made from animal and plant materials such as wool and cotton. The synthetic fibers are commonly made from petroleum, which tend to be more elastic in nature, and minerals such as nylon and asbestos respectively.
Popular Testing Applications
Tensile testing of yarns is used to determine the breaking force, elongation, and ...
ASTM D751 is used to measure the tensile properties of coated fabrics. This includ...
Tensile Strength Test of Small Specimens can be Difficult
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ASTM D5170 is a standard test method to measure peel strength of hook and loop fas...
ISO 13937-1 Ballistic Pendulum Method Tear Force of Textiles
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ASTM D4964 covers the measurement of tension and elongation of wide or narrow elas...
ISO 13936-1 Fixed Seam Opening Method for Slippage Resistance of Yarns at a Seam
I...
ASTM D6392 describes destructive quality control and quality assurance tests used ...
ASTM D4846 covers the determination of the force required to disengage snap fasten...
The most common tensile test used in the textile industry is called the grab test....
The breaking strength and elongation of textile fabrics may be determined using th...
ASTM D6797 describes the measurement for bursting strength of woven and knitted te...
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Carbon fiber is widely used in composite materials to make light-weight high-stren...
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ASTM D7269 determines the tensile testing of aramid yarns, cords twisted from such...
ASTM D3787 determines the measurement for bursting strength with a ball burst stre...
Peel tests are used to determine the bond strength of bonded, fused, or laminated ...
The tearing strength of fabrics by the trapezoid procedure may be determined using...
The tearing strength of textile fabrics by the tongue (single rip) procedure may b...
ASTM D5587 covers the measurement of the tearing strength of textile fabrics by th...
ASTM D2209 determines the load required to rupture a leather test specimen having ...
ASTM D6241 is a standard used to measure the force required to puncture a geotexti...
Puncture resistance of textile materials is a particularly important property for ...
ISO 29073-3 specifies a method for the determination of the tensile properties of ...
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Textile materials are commonly manufactured to fit complicated and irregular shape...
ASTM D2061 determines the strengths for zipper and zipper parts. All methods are n...
ASTM D6496 determines the average bonding strength between the top and bottom laye...
Tensile testing of textiles applies to both natural and manmade materials, such as...
ASTM D2261 determines the tearing strength of textile fabrics by the tongue (singl...
ASTM D5169 measures the shear strength of hook and loop touch fasteners or Velcro,...
ISO 2062 Textiles - Yarns taken from packages - Determination of single-end breaki...
ISO 13934 test machines for tensile tests of fabric.
ISO 13934-1 Maximum Force and...
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ASTM D6992 covers accelerated testing for tensile creep, and tensile creep-rupture...
Tearing is a common mode of failure for textile materials. The two types of tear t...
ASTM D1578 determines the breaking strength of yarn in skein form. The observed br...
The breaking strength and elongation of textile fabrics may be determined using th...
ISO 12236 specifies a method for the determination of the puncture resistance by m...
ASTM D5494 is to be used as an index test to determine the pyramid puncture resist...
ASTM D76 determines the operating characteristics of three types of tensile testin...
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ASTM D4833 measures the puncture resistance of geomembranes and related products. ...
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ASTM D7056 determines the quality of prefabricated bituminous geomembrane (PBGM) b...
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ISO 9073-3 Textiles Test
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Some geotextiles exhibit a large amount of necking or contraction in the direction...
ISO 3377-1 Single Edge Tear Load of Leather
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ISO 2307 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Fibre Ropes
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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
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ASTM D6818 determines the strip test procedures for determining the tensile prope...
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ASTM D2208 covers breaking strength of leather by the grab method. It is intended ...
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GD2061F9-323 test fixture meets ASTM D2061 FIG9 requirements.
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GUNI8279-11-145 test fixture meets UNI 8279-11 requirements.
GISO12236-174 test fixture meets DIN EN ISO 12236 requirements.
GISO9073-5-453 test fixture meets ISO 9073-5 requirements.
GD2061F1-323 test fixture meets ASTM D2061 FIG1 requirements.
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GMIL6396F-174 test fixture meets Mil DTL-6396F requirements.
GD4595-208 test fixture meets ASTM D4595 requirements.
GD4595-1220 safety pliers are for sample insertion safety ASTM D4595
GISO11644-1186 test fixture meets DIN EN ISO 11644 requirements.
GISO4919-1067 test fixture meets ISO 4919 requirements.
GADIST-05-1205 test fixture meets Adidas ST-05 requirements.
GD1335-1067 test fixture meets ASTM D1335 requirements.
GD751S13-240 test fixture meets ASTM D751 Sec13 requirements.
GD4632-90 grab test grips meet ASTM D4632 requirements.
GISO3303-1-453 test fixture meets ISO 3303-1 requirements.
GD1578-3 test fixture meets ASTM D1578 requirements.
GD2061F18-323 test fixture meets ASTM D2061 FIG18 requirements.
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